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HIV/AIDS in the Western Balkans
Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia & Montenegro, and UN-administered Kosovo have over 2,000 reported HIV/AIDS cases, but the epidemic may be growing fast, especially among youth.
1) Structural factors are present to drive epidemics transmitted predominantly by heterosexual drug users;
2) Conflict and economic decline handicap the ability of governments and civil society to make an effective response; and
3) Old ideologies and vested interests are against key interventions known to be effective. Early concerted efforts by the public sector, NGOs and international community working closely with young people at high risk of being infected or already infected, could avert rapid spread.
The key is for injecting drug users to avoid sharing needles and syringes and to adopt safe sex practices, and tackling structural factors in the medium/long term.
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Committing to Results: Improving the Effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Assistance
This OED evaluation aims to assess the development effectiveness of the World Bank's country-level HIV/AIDS assistance.
It covers policy dialogue, analytic work, and lending with the explicit objective of reducing the scope or impact of the AIDS epidemic.
This comprehensive study covers the World Bank's HIV/AIDS support to countries from the beginning of the epidemic through mid-2004. Annexes include comprehensive lists of projects and of reports on HIV/AIDS published or written by Bank staff, and reactions to OED's assessment written by CODE and by Bank Management. |
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Accelerating the Education Sector Response to HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Review of World Bank Assistance
August 2005 (pdf 518 KB)
This report examines World Bank financing for the Education Sector HIV/AIDS Response in Sub-Saharan Africa up to mid-2004, through the MAP projects and World Bank support for the education sector.
Documents and data were reviewed, and key informants interviewed. The review responds to a need for information identified during a consultation with African countries in December 2003.
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Lessons Learned to date from HIV/AIDS Transport Corridor Projects
August 2005 (pdf 557 KB)
Drawing on documents and interviews with key stakeholders, the paper reviews the expereinces and challenges faced in preparing and beginning to implement the Abijan-Lagos HIV/AIDS project.
The project aims to increase access along the corridor to HIV/AIDS prevention, basic treatment, support and care services. The paper also reviews other transport corridors where HIV/AIDS interventions are needed.
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Reversing the Tide: Priorities for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Central Asia
June 2005.
Governments, NGOs, and international partners in the field have taken initial steps to avoid a major HIV/AIDS epidemic in Central Asia. All countries with the exception of Turkmenistan have put in place coherent overarching policies and strategies to control HIV, which were prepared with assistance from UNAIDS; and all countries have received grants from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM).
NGOs are active in the region, and partner organizations and international NGOs have been providing significant technical and financial assistance. Despite growing regional commitment and resources to prevent and control the epidemic, there are, however, a number of issues that are not being adequately addressed. This study identifies critical gaps, and makes recommendations for further action that will ensure effective early prevention of HIV/AIDS in Central Asia |
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Lessons from World Bank-Supported Initiatives to Fight HIV/AIDS in Countries with IBRD Loans and IDA Credits in Nonaccrual
(PDF 412kb) May 2005.
World Bank Global HIV/AIDS Program Discussion Paper Using examples drawn from case studies on six countries: the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, and Zimbabwe, this paper describes how Bank country teams have supported HIV/AIDS work in countries whose IBRD loans and/or IDA credits have been placed in nonaccrual status. |
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Combating HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia
(PDF 1.44mb) April 2005.
This report provides a summary of the epidemic in the region and explains the World Bank's role in combating it. This booklet is filled with facts, figures and graphs on a number of regional issues related to HIV/AIDS. |
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HIV/AIDS and Mental Health
(January 2005) (PDF 1.11MB)
HNP Discussion Paper |
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Millennium Development Goals for Health in Europe and Central Asia
World Bank Working Paper #33. 2004.
This study examines how appropriate the health-related MDGs are for the countries of the ECA region by analysing the impact of the following four scenarios on life expectancy at birth: Achieving MDG targets for infant, child, and maternal mortality; Reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality to EU levels; Reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality to the lowest subregional levels; Reducing deaths from cardiovascular disease and external causes of death to EU levels. |
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Experience in Scaling Up Support to Local Response in Multi-Country AIDS Programs (MAP) in Africa
This paper takes stock of methodologies in scaling up local response components supported by the World Bank’s Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program (MAP) in Africa. The paper draws lessons from, among others, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. It focuses on experiences of countries that have succeeded in scaling up their local response programs within two to three years, the processes involved and the lessons learned. |
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Reaching Out to Africa's Orphans: A Framework for Public Action
December 2004
This study is aimed at addressing the needs of young children affected by the loss of one or both parents as a consequence of HIV/AIDS and conflicts. In doing so, it makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of the many risks and vulnerabilities faced by orphans and the ameliorating role played by governments and donors. |
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National HIV/AIDS Programs: A Handbook on Supply Chain Management for HIV/AIDS Medical Commodities
(PDF 735kb)
November 2004
This Handbook explains the basics of logistics and supply chain management for commodities used in HIV/AIDS programs. It offers practical guidelines and checklists. Chapters cover: choosing products, forecasting needs, procurement, storage and distribution, information systems, quality assurance, monitoring and benchmarking. |
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Addressing HIV/AIDS in East Asia and the Pacific
August 2004
Addressing HIV/AIDS in East Asia and the Pacific identifies options for how the World Bank, in close partnership with government, civil society and other partners, can assist in the response at the country and regional levels. It stresses the need for country specific strategies to address the diversity of issues within the region and highlights the importance of analytic and advisory work in this area to support ongoing and planned programs as well as capacity building efforts. |
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HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India: Modeling the Costs and Consequences
June 2004
How should governments respond to the increasing domestic and international pressures to finance antiretroviral therapy for AIDS patients? Once prohibitively expensive outside rich countries, antiretroviral therapy is now increasingly affordable, especially in India where patent laws and a dynamic pharmaceutical industry have facilitated the production and marketing of some of the best available drug combinations at prices below a dollar a day. |
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Truck Drivers and Casual Sex: An Inquiry into the Potential Spread of HIV/AIDS in the Baltic Region
July 2004
Truck Drivers and Casual Sex is based on a survey that explores the practice of casual sex among truck drivers and commercial sex workers in the border areas of Poland and Lithuania at a point of time. It uses this evidence to extrapolate the potential impact of these practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS in these countries. |
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Battling HIV/AIDS: A Decision Maker's Guide to the Procurement of Medicines and Related Supplies
June 2004
Battling HIV/AIDS sets out principles and provides advice on the procurement of HIV/AIDS medicines and related supplies for programs scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated health services. This technical guide examines the elements required to establish and ensure continuity of supplies, including medicines and other commodities. It provides extensive guidance on key topics: Quality Assurance, Selection & Quantification methods, Intellectual Property Rights, Procurement Strategies, Pricing & Financing, the Supply Cycle and Policy Issues. |
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Education and HIV/AIDS: A Sourcebook of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs
Alexandria Valerio and Donald Bundy, authors
African Human Development Series. Includes CD-ROM. January 2004. 400 pages. Stock no. 15757 (ISBN 0-8213-5757-3).
The Sourcebook aims to support efforts by countries to strengthen the role of the education sector in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. It was developed in response to numerous requests for a simple forum to help countries share their practical experiences of designing and implementing programs that are targeted at school-age children. The Sourcebook documents thirteen education based HIV/AIDS prevention programs targeting children and youth from seven Sub-Saharan African countries. |
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Responding to HIV/AIDS in the East Asia and Pacific Region, Vol. 1 of 1
(December 2003)
HNP Discussion Paper Series
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HIV/AIDS in Georgia: Addressing the Crisis
January 2004
HIV/AIDS in Georgia is an important tool in placing the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the center of the development and aid agenda in Georgia and for identifying the most appropriate and cost-effective interventions in the context of poverty reduction. |
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HIV/AIDS At a Glance
(updated October 2003) |
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HIV/AIDS in Latin American Countries: The Challenges Ahead
October 2003
HIV/AIDS in Latin American Countries presents new and updated information about the extent and trends of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Latin America; it evaluates current national surveillance capacities, and assesses the national responses of the health sector to the epidemic on a country-by-country basis. Based on analyses of secondary information and on new World Bank–sponsored research and country-level data, the study looks at 17 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, and Uruguay. |
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HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Central Asia: Country Profiles
Joana Godhino, Thomas Novotny, Hiwote Tadesse, and Anatoly Vinokur
World Bank Working Paper #20. October 2003. 94 pages. Stock no. 15867 (ISBN 0-8213-5867-9).
This study presents country profiles that were developed to inform Bank management and other stakeholders about the main characteristics of the epidemics. The profiles cover epidemiology; strategic and regulatory frameworks; surveillance; preventive, diagnostic, and treatment activities; non-governmental and partner activities; and resources available. This report summarizes the main issues identified by this initial assessment and recommends further study and action. |
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Averting AIDS Crises in Eastern Europe and Central Asia : A Regional Support Strategy
September 2003. 222 pages. Stock no. 15580 (ISBN 0-8213-5580-5).
The Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region is experiencing the world's fastest-growing HIV/AIDS epidemic and a large burden of tuberculosis. Controlling HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is a corporate priority for the World Bank Group. This Regional Support Strategy translates the Bank's commitment into an agenda for action in the region. |
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Local Government Responses to HIV/AIDS: A Handbook
September 2003
This handbook, produced by the World Bank Urban and Global HIV/AIDS programs in collaboration with a number of partners (AMICAALL, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, Urban Management Programme and Cities Alliances), suggests a process and accompanying tools that can support local governments in strengthening and/or developing sustainable responses to HIV/AIDS.
The Handbook guides local government authorities through steps of prioritizing HIV/AIDS, assessing local impact of HIV/AIDS, and developing an HIV/AIDS Response Strategy (including workplace policy, mainstreaming and coordinating local responses).
It offers suggestions for mobilizing resources, implementing the strategy through partnerships (including civil society organizations, private sector and government agencies), and establishing systems of monitoring and evaluation. |
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HIV/AIDS in Central America: An Overview of the Epidemic and Priorities for Prevention
(206K PDF)
September 2003
This booklet presents an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Central America. It then summarizes the results of case studies in Guatemala, Honduras and Panama on where money might best be allocated so that prevention efforts make the greatest possible impact on curbing the epidemic. |
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The Long-run Economic Costs of AIDS: Theory and Application to South Africa
(June 2003)
C. Bell, S. Devarajan, H. Gersbach.
A long-run "overlapping generations" model, which looks at the effects of AIDS in reducing families' incentive and ability to invest in the education of their children, which reduces future productivity, earnings and national growth. |
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HIV/AIDS in Southeastern Europe: Case Studies from Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania
2003
This paper reviews the current status of the AIDS epidemics in the three countries, evaluates the approaches and strategies currently being used in each country, and makes recommendation both for government strategies and for the World Bank’s current and potential future involvement in relation to these strategies. |
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HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: The Cost of Inaction
2003
This report reviews the HIV/AIDS situation in the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean (MENA/EM) region, and is intended to stimulate discussion and promote dialogue among the region’s policy and decision makers. It seeks to provide a framework for multisectoral strategic action to reduce behaviors that risk spreading HIV, to care for and support those who become infected, and to diminish vulnerability among specific segments of society. Although most evidence suggests that overall HIV prevalence is low in the region, greater investments in improved surveillance, prevention, and care are needed now - to maintain low prevalence levels and preserve the focus on national and regional development goals.
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Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope
by World Bank English BC 103 pages 6 x 9 Published April 2002 by World Bank ISBN: 0-8213-5117-6 SKU: 15117
The global HIV/AIDS epidemic has already killed 20 million people and another 40 million people are currently infected. The magnitude of this epidemic requires a response that confronts the disease from every sector, but education plays a particularly important role. Education and HIV/AIDS provides a strategic direction for the World Bank in responding to the impact of HIV/AIDS on education systems. The central message of this book is that the education of children and youth deserves the highest priority in a world afflicted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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Condom Procurement Guide
November 2001
This guide is geared to the operational needs of World Bank staff and Borrower-country counterparts who seek to procure condoms for the prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. It draws upon and complements more detailed documentation produced by the World Health Organization, UNFPA and others, as well as World Bank procurement documents. Its main purposes are to highlight key issues and options to consider when designing condom procurements and to help users navigate the more detailed documentation that is available on these issues when additional information is needed.
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Costs of Scaling HIV Program Activities to a National Level in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methods and Estimates
March 31, 2001
This document develops and discusses a resource determination model (RDM) designed to estimate how much would it cost to scale-up different HIV prevention and care strategies to a national level in Sub-Saharan Africa. The model combines cost-studies with detailed information on sexual behavior, condom availability, HIV prevalence and other epidemiological, demographic and health systems. The model yields estimates of the costs of scaling-up ten different HIV prevention and eight care strategies for 37 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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IK Notes 30 - Indigenous Knowledge and HIV/AIDS: Ghana and Zambia
March 2001
IK Notes reports periodically on Indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is published by the Africa Region's Knowledge and Learning Center as part of an evolving IK partnership between the World Bank, communities, NGOs, development institutions and multilateral organizations.
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank Group or its partners in this initiative. A web page on IK is available at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/index.htm
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HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean: Issues and Options
World Bank Report, June 2000
This report offers an overview of the challenges and opportunities in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. It provides a snapshot of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region, gives examples of ways in which Caribbean countries and regional bodies such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) have responded to the epidemic, and discusses alternative actions for addressing the crisis. This book also highlights a range of strategies for donor coordination and cooperation in the region.
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The impact of adult deaths on children's health in Northwestern Tanzania (Vol.1)
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, January 2000
This paper examines the impact of adult mortality in Tanzania on three measures of health among children under five: morbidity, height for age, and weight for height. The children hit hardest by the death of a parent or other adult are those in the poorest households, those with uneducated parents, and those with the least access to health care. The authors also show how much three important health interventions-immunization against measles, and rehydration salts, and access to health care-can do to mitigate the impact of adult mortality.
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Intensifying Action Against HIV/AIDS in Africa: Responding to a Development Crisis
English BC 78 pages Published September 1999 by World Bank ISBN: 0-8213-4572-9 SKU: 14572
The first part of this publication introduces the World Bank's strategy to combat the epidemic in partnership with African governments and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The second part documents the growing epidemic, its impact on various sectors, and the imperative of urgent action. Additional sections define building blocks for an effective response, delineate the strategic plan for intensifying the actions against AIDS in Africa, discuss the implementation of the suggested measures, and outline further steps that will be necessary after the strategies have been inculcated. French and Portuguese editions also available.
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Confronting AIDS
World Bank Policy Research Report, 1999
Revised edition. Confronting AIDS is a strategic document, written to inform and motivate political leaders, policymakers, and development specialists to support the public health community, concerned civil society, and people living with HIV in dealing with this devastating disease. The report offers examples of successful programs from many countries; and presents an analytical framework for deciding which government interventions should have high priority for addressing the epidemic in developing countries. It advocates a broad strategy that can be adapted by countries according to their resources and the stage of their epidemic.
The book's combination of epidemiological and economic arguments will provide useful material for courses in development economics, health economics, and public health. Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.
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AIDS Prevention and Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa : An Updated World Bank Strategy (Vol.1)
World Bank Sector Report, 1996
In response to the ever-changing nature of the AIDS epidemic, this update is the 2nd review of the World Bank's 1988 AIDS strategy for Africa. The 1st review, in 1992, found that the 6 strategy actions from 1988 concerning economic & sector work, lending & capacity-building had been initiated with progress. As the 1992 review identified new areas requiring attention, this review suggests some additional actions to assist Africans:
1) generate greater political commitment to the Organization of African Unity declarations on AIDS;
2) work more vigorously to change health behaviors;
3) intensify national programs according to a typology of countries based on severity of prevalence levels;
4) increase the analysis of AIDS & its impact on development goals in economic & sector work; and
5) improve the design & implementation of cost-effective approaches to mitigate the consequences of AIDS.
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